Womens Rights in the Workplace Essay example - 1900 Words

Brittany Dorris Mr. Dean Ford Eng. 101 04 October 2010 A Wife, a Mom, and a Worker Women fought very hard for their rights in the workplace. Some of them, including Susan B Anthony, went above and beyond the norm. Yet, today our rights are still not the same as a man’s. At one point women weren’t allowed to work at all, and today they are allowed to have jobs while still being home makers. Although improvements have been made, there are still several dilemmas that need to be addressed. A women earns less than a man when doing the same work, and that is extremely unfair. Another issue in the workplace is that men underestimate women due to lack of strength and discrimination. There are also the issues of pregnancy and sexual†¦show more content†¦Sadly, she is still paid less than the men at her job. If she is truly one of the best employees then she should be given a raise instead of being awarded less cash. It is illegal to not hire someone based on their race, yet it is legal to pay a woman less due to h er sex. It should be clear to everyone that women are treated poorly and unfairly in the workplace everyday. Another stereotypical belief is that women aren’t as intelligent as men. If this were true, then the female generations of our past would not have come as far as they have today in the workplace. There are women involved in politics, the medical field, and education. If men were truly more intelligent, then women would not be capable of being successful in those fields. Linda Tapp, president of Crown Safety in Cherry Hill, and a very successful female, states that â€Å"gender discrimination is still live and well. No matter how much we like to think things have changed, there are more than a few people out there who think a woman can still not do the same jobs a man can do†(Eglash). In my own experience, I have learned that female teachers and doctors do an equally good job as males in those fields. A woman is fully capable of doing a job that requires hig h intellect, just as a man is. I believe that it is ridiculous and unjustified for a man to treat a woman at work poorly because he believes that men are moreShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The New York Times By Ellen Ullman Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pagesprejudice against women in the workplace. Specifically, Ullman thinks that such prejudice exists in the deeper parts of the more technical fields such as computer programming. While encouraging women to avoid confronting men who show their prejudice against them, Ullman nevertheless points out the idea that women should stick to their passion for their work. For Ullman, it is the next best thing that women can do, apart from being a practical solution. However, I think that women should not be afraidRead MoreEqual Rights1089 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history women have fought to have the same rights and privileges as men. To this day women do not seem to be treated the same as men in the workforce. It appears that women have g iven up the fight for equal rights. Although women have stood up for what they believe in, there are still many aspects of the workplace that are not as equal as the opportunities that men are given. For hundreds of years women have fought to have equal rights in the workplace. First, it was not uncommon forRead MoreA Brief Note On Workplace Discrimination And The Workplace1063 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace Discrimination Throughout history, discrimination happens all the time without one being aware of it. One place this happens very frequently is in the workplace. Discrimination has been indeed a controversial topic in every generation. 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AAUW provides and gives women the chance to have an education, while Catalyst reaches out to women to carry out equal pay, equal participation in the workplace, a nd remove discrimination. UN Women attains to human rights for women. Throughout history women have fought for gender equality in the workplace and in education, and every year organizations like AAUW, Catalyst, and UN Women haveRead MoreEmployment Discrimination Within The Workplace1079 Words   |  5 PagesEmployment Discrimination in Indonesia As stated on wikipedia.org, discrimination is action that denies social participation or human rights to categories of people based on prejudice. This includes treatment of an individual or group based on their actual or perceived membership in a certain group or social category, in a way that is worse than the way people are usually treated. This could be done directly or indirectly. Direct discrimination could arise from punishments and indirect discriminationRead MoreGender Bias in the Workplace: Its Origin, Cases and Solutions 1767 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Bias in the Workplace: Its Origin, Cases and Solutions Gender bias has long been an issue in the workplace. For decades women have suffered not only a pay gap but also an authority gap. In my paper I will outline how gender bias has taken shape within the workplace and its components. It is key that we not only study the components of the gender gap but also examine how they took root. One would think that gender bias would have subsided considerably but this is not the case. Over the decadesRead MoreWorkplace Challenges For Women And Minorities Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace Challenges For Women And Minorities - How To Cope With Them? By Rizwan H Dayo | Submitted On November 29, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Rizwan H Dayo Challenges faced byRead MoreGlass Ceiling in the Australian Work Force1506 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrate how stereotyping affects males’ perception of women and how it affects women’s perception of gender roles, which supports the concept, that glass ceiling still exists. Stereotyping is to believe that, â€Å"all people or things with similar characteristics are the same,† (â€Å"stereotype†, 2014). The term glass ceiling refers to the invisible barriers that prevent women from succeeding and moving up the metaphoric ladder in the corporate world. Women are perceived as a minority in the workforce, they

Internal And External Captivity By Langston Hughes

Internal and External Captivity In Literature, there are certain themes and notions that are either hidden within the text or stated boldly in direct statements. These themes allow them to accomplish a particular feeling within the reader or reveal a message that will be exemplified when realized. There can be a connection made to a reality known by all by each and every theme, whether it be social disconnect from a constant being of isolation or a sense of torment from a deplorable action. And by that idea, society and its literature can alter and shape the viewpoints of the world. Through a lens of conflict between freedom and confinement (something that is in constant tandem), it can serve as an interesting theme within a text. In Langston Hughes’ â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers†, he uses imagery to symbolize the important places on the journey the reader has embarked upon and starts with a basis of freedom from a newborn civilization and goes on to explain the conf inement of an ever-changing society who has lost its way. Contrasting with that society, Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† showcases the narrator’s captivity within a room and the mechanics of her mind growing more and more chaotic as her isolation from the outside world (mostly her husband) leads to her insanity. Kate Chopin expresses the many freedoms of an upper-class married woman but shines some light on how she is still restricted through this marriage and by her health in her text â€Å"The

Hamlet Reflections Essay Example For Students

Hamlet Reflections Essay Shakespeare’s revenge tragedy Hamlet has endured the tests of time and successfully lived on till our present era due to its exploration of prominent themes and core values which appeal to the human condition and resonate deeply in the contemporary world. Hamlet is open to a myriad of interpretations by a wide range of audiences which may transform throughout the examination of the play and thereby compels the viewer to reflect on its various aspects. Hamlet’s character, the nature of his madness, and Hamlet’s love for Ophelia are three facets of the play where my response has changed and developed. One’s understanding of Hamlet’s character is highly susceptible to alterations as the play progresses. Initially, Hamlet’s period of deliberation and was perceived as cowardice, moral fastidiousness and over-intellectualisation to the point of apathy. An insight into Hamlet’s character through his second soliloquy where he concedes to his humiliating rhetorical question- â€Å"Am I a coward† by admonishing himself for being â€Å"pigeon-livered and lack gall† and failing to take action against â€Å"oppression†. Hamlet’s obsession with upholding morality at the expense of purging evil is further enhanced in his third soliloquy where he states â€Å"Thus conscience does make cowards of us all†. This â€Å"conscience† prevents him from assembling the courage and determination to commence battle with Claudius despite knowing that he is a â€Å"smiling damned villain†. However, with increasing knowledge of the Elizabethan Christian context, previous perceptions of Hamlet as a weak and indecisive character have been eclipsed. Firstly, the ghost of Hamlet’s father may have been â€Å"a spirit of health, or goblin damned† attempting to lure him into committing regicide and Shakespeare’s inclusion of superstitious elements influenced by the Elizabethan context ensures that such doubts and precautions are legitimate. The Christian context of the play accounts for Hamlet’s failure to seize revenge in the prayer scene which incorporates use of dramatic irony. Hamlet believes that to murder Claudius when he â€Å"is a-praying† would be â€Å"hire and salary, not revenge† as he will ascend to heaven whilst his father languishes in purgatory and prefers to take action when he is performing â€Å"some act that has no relish of salvation in’t†. This would ensure that the villain cannot be saved. Hamlet also organises the play within the play where he is determined to â€Å"catch the conscience of the King† and this verifies that he is neither cowardly nor inactive but suggests that his actions assume a form of refined subtlety rather than brutality. In his final soliloquy, the statement- â€Å"from this time forth, my thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth† also illustrates how Hamlet is capable of throwing off the shackles of irresolution and tackle his tormentor with vengeance when â€Å"the readiness is all†. Moreover, Hamlet’s belief that an immediate revenge against Claudius will be perceived as political ambition and thereby extinguish any hope of restoring morality in Denmark may also have been a reason for his deliberation. This explanation is justified in the final scene as Hamlet forbids Horatio to follow him in death so he may draw his â€Å"breath in pain† and â€Å"report me and cause aright to the unsatisfied† to ensure that his legacy is not a tarnished reputation as a seeker of personal aggrandisement-â€Å"wounded name† but a status as a hero who pursued justice and has overcome corruption. The interpretation of the nature of Hamlet’s madness has also undergone significant transformation. Hamlet’s adoption of an â€Å"antic disposition† which he ingeniously uses to avoid suspicion coupled with Polonius’ detection of a disconcerting wit behind the irony Hamlet’s savage insults of him as a â€Å"fishmonger† who prostitute or â€Å"loose† his daughter Ophelia- â€Å"Though this be madness, yet there is method in’t†, demonstrates a methodical and systematic logic behind Hamlet’s disguise. In spite of this, Hamlet’s paroxysm of anger in which he murders a spying Polonius was interpreted as a re-direction of his murderous impulses towards Gertrude where he was unable to suppress his uncontrollable rage, verging on madness. .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f , .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .postImageUrl , .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f , .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:hover , .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:visited , .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:active { border:0!important; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:active , .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: During The Late Seventeen Hundreds, Many Tumultuous Events EssayHowever, Hamlet’s description of Polonius as a â€Å"wretched, rash and intruding fool† who acquiesced Claudius’ ascension to the throne, volunteers himself as a spy and uses Ophelia as a decoy to expose Hamlet’s guise demonstrates that Polonius is truly corrupt and justifies Hamlet’s decision to kill him. In addition, Hamlet’s remark that he mistakenly took Polonius â€Å"for thy better†- Claudius, reveals that behind his action was not homicidal fury but rather, a conscious decision to capitalise on the opportunity to seek revenge. Furthermore, clear proof of Hamlet’s sanity can be seen in his â€Å"continual practice† of sword play since Laertes â€Å"went into France† which reflects on his constant preparation and plotting for revenge to the extent where he â€Å"shall win at the odds† and prevail evil. Hamlet’s love for Ophelia is another aspect of the play where my response has changed and developed. In Hamlet’s first soliloquy, his angered cry- â€Å"frailty, thy name is woman† reflects his prejudice and disillusion towards all women who are personified as weak and corrupted after condemning Gertrude for her sexual hypocrisy. This preconceived distrust which Hamlet holds of women is only consolidated when Ophelia succumbs to pressures from her father Polonius urging her to break off ties with Hamlet- â€Å"I shall obey, my Lord†. Hamlet’s encounter with Ophelia after his third soliloquy presents the complexities regarding his affection for her. Hamlet’s satirical verbal lashings at Ophelia expressing his misogynistic contempt for the â€Å"wantonness† and â€Å"ignorance† of women along with his declaration- â€Å"I loved you not† reflects his seemingly implacable loathing towards her. However, Claudius’ insightful observation that Hamlet’s behaviour â€Å"was not like madness† significantly transformed this initial view. Hamlet’s taunting of Ophelia- â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery† which is presented in a ruthless and condescending tone is in actuality, a manifestation of his love for her where she is advised to flee the temptations and wickedness of the world capable of tainting her chastity. Moreover, Hamlet’s emergence at Ophelia’s funeral in the graveyard scene where he declares passionately through use of hyperbole that his love for her exceeded that of â€Å"forty thousand brothers† verifies the sincerity of his true feelings. The pretence of madness and indifference which Hamlet assumes under his â€Å"antic disposition† was insufficient in suppressing the maelstrom of emotions he felt at the death of â€Å"dear Ophelia†. As such, the examinations and reflections on the three aspects of Hamlet’s character, the nature of his madness and his love for Ophelia in the play during the process of critical study has resulted in significant change and development in my responses towards the play.

Taylor’s Management Theories Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction The survey of direction focal points on how different variables within an organisation relate to and with each other in order to accomplish a harmonious and productive working environment. Through the decennaries. there have been a figure of different theoreticians that have presented their several theories and suggested assorted attacks in order to let directors of assorted organisations to farther understand employees working within the organisation in the hopes of doing the organisation map more efficaciously through its employees. This paper will discourse the parts of Frederick Taylor to the survey of direction. Specifically. the paper will discourse two of Taylor’s part. viz. the rule of scientific direction and the rule of corporal work through divided labour. The paper will besides supply a brief background on Taylor himself every bit good as an analysis of the effectivity of the application of Taylor’s work in today’s working environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Taylor’s Management Theories Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Taylor’s Background As with most persons populating during the early 1900s. Frederick Winslow Taylor spent most of his early grownup life as a worker in assorted mills. Despite coming from a well to make household. he foremost worked as a chief in a Philadelphia steel mill company and so at the Midvale Steel Company. During the period that he was employed here. he began to seek ways to further better the on the job conditions in steel mills in order to increase the quality of the stuffs that the company manufactures without haltering the end product generated. Greatly influenced by the rules of mass production by Henry Ford. he determined that the lone manner to better what he considered to be intolerable on the job conditions and moralss utilized in the steel mills was to travel beyond test and mistake with respects to how stuffs are manufactured and crafted. He believed that by authorising the employees with a sense of in-depth cognition non merely on how they do their work. but besides how the machin ery and assorted setups that they are utilizing to acquire the work done maps. the quality and working conditions within the steel mill would greatly better and as such. farther addition the end product being generated ( Bahnisch 2000 ; Kanigel 1997 ) . Taylor began to use scientific testing and techniques in his pursuit for understanding how the different machineries used in the mill operate. From the velocity of the cutting done by a peculiar machine to the type of tool used for each of the fabrication procedure. Taylor began to tally all of these and presented them as carefully tabulated scientific information which have became the footing of how workers in the mill would later on be able to transport out the production of these steel stuffs. His ability to roll up what was one time based on test and mistake into informations that have been categorized and carefully tabulated following assorted scientific methods. It is for this ground that Taylor has been considered the Father of Scientific Management ( Kanigel 1997 ) . Scientific Management Theory One of the greatest parts of Frederick Taylor in the survey of direction is the Scientific Management Theory of which he had been considered the male parent of. Considered as the purest and earliest applied organisation theories formulated. Taylor stipulated that assorted undertakings done within a mill or organisation can be restructured into simple undertakings which are consecutive to each other in the signifier of scientifically constructed undertakings. This made it a batch easier for supervisors and directors to measure the workers’ public presentation and deploying freshly hired labourers into different working undertakings more easy and expeditiously ( Morrill 2008 ; Pittenger 2003 ) . Prior to the development and subsequent presentation of Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory. workers operated with the usage of their corporate cognition while the working conditions have been viewed by the labour brotherhoods based on what Taylor classified as â€Å"subjective orientations towards the beat of industrial work and production† ( Morrill 2008 p. 17 ) . With the coming of the Scientific Management Theory. the corporate cognition of the workers every bit good as normally observed on the job traditions were replaced by processs and undertakings that have been constructed with the usage of scientific methods. As such. what had one time been considered as skilled occupations have been deskilled. leting directors and supervisors that ability to engage more workers. In order to lenify labour brotherhoods with the sudden alterations that Taylor presented in his Scientific Management Theory. he proposed the use of pay addition and showing these alterations object ively concentrating on the scientific methods that have been used for its development ( Morrill 2008 ; Pittenger 2003 ) . Division of Labor In order to use the rules he presented in his Scientific Management Theory. Taylor stipulated that the most effectual and most efficient betterment that could be made within an organisation is through the division of labour into regularized forms that literally run like clockwork. He stipulated that since most work activities that are done within an organisation is preceded and followed by another undertaking. the actions of the workers resemble the public presentation of an assembly line alternatively of each work undertaking being independent from others. As such. labour costs shouldered by an organisation would be greatly reduced. ensuing to a higher coevals of gross. This would besides supply the direction the ability to mandate working processs more efficaciously based on their qualities of criterion ( Bahnisch 2000 ) . The survey conducted by Richardson and Ford ( 2002 ) exemplifies the division of labour presented by Taylor during his clip. In their survey. pupils were tasked to function and sell ice pick cones. The mode as to how they were to sell and function these ice pick cones were based on assorted methods derives from the rules of division of labour presented by Taylor. To guarantee the dependability of the survey. none of the pupils that have been selected for the survey conducted had any old experience within the ice pick retailing concern. For the first portion of the survey. Richardson and Ford ( 2002 ) tasked the pupils to be served ice pick cones utilizing a individual file method. This meant that merely one pupil would be tasked to fix the ice pick cones while another pupil would function as the teller. The remainder of the participants of the survey were tasked to be the clients. each keeping assorted denominations of drama money which the teller would necessitate to supply the right alteration should the denomination exceed $ 1. which was the sum per ice pick cone for the survey. This is so carried out in three groups. with the waiter and the teller being provided extra cognition. preparation and stuffs per group. The observation with respects to the efficiency of the waiter and the teller are so tallied by those participants functioning as clients. In the 2nd portion of the survey. Richardson and Ford ( 2002 ) tasked the participants to function ice pick cones with the usage of a dual waiting line theoretical account. In this portion of the survey. four participants were tasked to fix and function the ice pick cones while the waiter retains the same responsibilities as in the individual waiting line theoretical account. Again. the trial was carried around in three unit of ammunitions. with each unit of ammunition the waiters and the teller are given farther preparation and direction. This survey conducted showed that as the waiters and the tellers are provided more knowledge and preparation. they have been observed to be able to work more expeditiously. Furthermore. the dual waiting line theoretical account enforced that through specialising undertakings. the work to be completed is done more expeditiously at a shorter span of clip as opposed to old tests without the presence of any signifier of specialisation on the portion of the workers ( Richardson A ; Ford 2002 ) . Application of Taylor’s Theories Today While the theories of Taylor have been developed before the coming of computing machines and modern engineering presently being used by concern organisations today. many of the rules that have been presented by Taylor in his Scientific Management Theory. specifically the rule of the division of labour whereby specialisation has been deemed as indispensable in order to be able to finish the undertaking more efficaciously and expeditiously. Through the old ages. Taylor’s rules have continuously been used by organisations involved in different industries. despite the fact that the theory was ab initio formulated for the fabrication industry. A perfect illustration of this in the modern organisation is the presentation of occupation duties that an person would be expected to finish as portion of his or her place. By making so. the organisation specializes the specific occupation maps and duties of an person based on the place being given. In some industries such as call centres and concern processing offices where a section is tasked to manage legion duties and processs. employees who belong to these sections are farther specialized based on the preparation that they would be provided by the organisation. This is to guarantee that non merely the undertaking is completed but is done so in an efficient and effectual mode. The lone disagreeable point presented by Taylor with respects to his Scientific Management Theory is his place to deskill work undertakings in order to guarantee that it would be a batch easier for directors and supervisors to deploy more persons for a peculiar undertaking every bit good as to supply them with easiness in footings of measuring and guaranting public presentation quality among the organization’s work force. In today’s modern organisation. this is no longer the instance. This could be seen in the many employment advertizements over the Internet and in local newspapers. Among the demands for many places for a peculiar organisation today is that an person should hold completed a specific grade and should hold a certain figure of old ages work experience. This is to guarantee that they would be equipped with the necessary accomplishments that are needed in order to finish the duties that come along with the place being offered. Decision Frederick Taylor. with his Scientific Management Theory revolutionized the concern organisation such that his premiss that assorted undertakings within a peculiar organisation should be segregated into specialised squads or sections in order to better the organization’s effectivity and efficiency in footings of quality and end product. Many of his rules remain to be still relevant with respects to the operations of modern twenty-four hours organisation despite the coming of modern engineerings. However. his construct on deskilling many of the occupation duties is no longer applicable today. As more and more organisations continue to offer merchandises and services that require some signifier of experience or preparation. every bit good as the alterations that have been made with mention to the organisation cultures that are observed. corporate thought that Taylor had one time disregarded had re-emerged to be a important factor to the success of an organisation in footings of e ffectual direction. Mentions Bahnisch. ( 2000 ) . Embodied Work. Divided Labor: subjectiveness and the scientific direction of the organic structure of Frederick W. Taylor’s 1907 ‘lecture on direction. ’Body A ; society. 6( 1 ) . 51-68. Kanigel. R. ( 1997 ) . Taylor-made.Sciences. 37( 3 ) . 18-23. Morrill. C. ( 2008 ) . Culture and organisation theory.Annalss. AAPSS. 619. 15-40. Pittenger. M. ( 2003 ) . â€Å"What’s on the worker’s mind† : category passing and the survey of the industrial workplace in the 1920s.Journal of the history of behavioural scientific disciplines. 39( 2 ) . 143-61. Richardson. W. D. A ; Ford. E. W. ( 2002 ) . Shovels. trowels. and ice pick scoops: in hunt of the right tool to explicate scientific direction.Journal of direction instruction. 26( 2 ) . 194-204.

Does Darwinism Refute Creationism

Does Darwinism Refute Creationism Where did we come from? This age old question has developed into quite a controversy. Did we evolve over millions of years from tiny microscopic organisms explained through a precise theory of macroevolution, or is the Bible correct and G-d created us in the last 24 hours of his entire creation process? No one person knows the truth. Different theories have been presented and many seem like logical explanations to what could have happened. The two most plausible and well-known theories are that of Evolution and Creationism. Creationism, the belief of many religious cultures, is based upon the idea that the Bible is and should be taken literally in the aspect that G-d created all living things, including mankind, from nothing, in six days. The contrasting opinion is that of evolution. Evolution, defined in the Oxford Concise Science Dictionary, is the "... process by which the present diversity of plant and animal life arose from the earliest and most primitive organisms, which is bel ieved to have been continuing for the past 3000 million years" (Oxford).Charles Darwin as a young man, probably subsequent...Both theories are widely known and many organizations have been founded with the intent of discovering the truth to humanity's origin.The initial theory of Creationism has progressed into many different theories of creation. These theories are divided into 4 less specific theory categories in an essay presented by a student at the University of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, "(1) six-day creationism, (2) progressive creationism, (3) theistic evolution and, (4) the gap theory." In the first theory, the Biblical text is taken literally when it proclaims the earth was created in six days. This theory is also called young-earth creationism because it wouldmean that the earth has only existed for 6 thousand years. The theory of " recent creationism [six-day theory] relies on 'creation with...

Building Sentences With Absolute Phrases

Building Sentences With Absolute Phrases Among the modifiers that are used to add information to sentences, the absolute phrase may be the least common but one of the most useful. Identifying Absolute Phrases An absolute phrase is a word group that modifies an entire sentence. It consists of a noun plus at least one other word, as shown here: The hunters rested for a moment in front of the shack, their breaths white in the frosty air. The noun (breaths) that begins this absolute phrase is followed by an adjective  (white) and a prepositional phrase (in the frosty air). In addition to adjectives and prepositional phrases, adverbs and participles can also follow the noun in an absolute phrase. As the sentence above shows, an absolute phrase lets us move from a description of a whole person, place, or thing to just one or more parts: from hunters, for instance, to their breaths. Building and Arranging Absolute Phrases Consider how the sentence might be broken down into two sentences: The hunters rested for a moment in front of the shack.Their breaths were white in the frosty air. The second sentence can be turned into an absolute phrase simply by omitting the linking verb were. As we have seen, the absolute phrase may appear at the end of a sentence: The hunters rested for a moment in front of the shack, their breaths white in the frosty air. The absolute phrase may also appear at the beginning of the sentence: Their breaths white in the frosty air, the hunters rested for a moment in front of the shack. And occasionally an absolute phrase is positioned between the subject and verb: The hunters, their breaths white in the frosty air, rested for a moment in front of the shack. Notice that an absolute phrase, like a participle phrase, is usually set off from the rest of the sentence by a pair of commas. NEXT: Revising Sentences with Absolute Phrases

The English Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The English Legal System - Essay Example Moreover, the method of making laws is not a result of one night’s effort rather it is an outcome of intense thought process. Subsequently, a few prominent methods of law making in England and Wales is firmly rooted in the medieval history while other methods are seen to have a strong affiliation and a set of implications from the post-World War II. Although the differences in the time period is attributed to the methods of law making but the influence of social, technological and political components is apparent in law making methods irrespective of the differences in the time period. A number of processes are required to be completed while formulating laws before their full-fledged enforcement (Weait, 2011, p. 11; Weait and Goodey, 2011, p. 69: Howells et.al., 2011, p. 144). Correspondingly, this essay intends to explain the different processes by which law can be changed. Subsequently, the essay also presents arguments both in favour and against the statement, â€Å"At one level law reform is either a product of parliamentary or judicial activity. Parliament tends, however, to be concerned with particularities of law reform and the judiciary are constitutionally and practically disbarred from reforming the law in anything other than an opportunistic and piecemeal way†. House of Commons and the Houses of Lords constitute parliament in England and Wales. The members of the House of Commons are elected individuals by public from different constituencies. On the other hand, the members of the House of Lords are nominated by Prime Minister of the country. Both the houses of parliament are required to perform various functions among which engaging in discussions and debates in order to pass new laws is considered as one of the major functions. Laws that are enacted by parliament are discerned as Acts of Parliament. These laws are also commonly known as legislation or statute (Arthur et al., 2011, p. 92). The English law system is also widely known

ETourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ETourism - Essay Example Doodles can be seen on the top of the main page, which depict the various cultural elements of Malaysia, and are consistent with the tourism theme. These are basically aimed at giving the visitors of the website an overview of the ways they can stay in touch. However, by incorporating the depictions of the Malaysian culture they serve to grab the attention of the people who are interested in travelling to Malaysia. Moreover, it can be seen that there is a blank white background which makes all the colorful images and text pop out and make it more visible. Websites with image backgrounds are often termed as "amateur", due to the fact that it's mostly unprofessional sites that use those. Famous, reputed websites like Google, Yahoo, eBay and Amazon etc. don’t use unprofessional backgrounds which have images. The website has also given a great deal of thought to organization. This is as important as the overall aesthetics of the website because everything is compact and does not c onfuse the visitors by haphazard information. It also does not make the website look uninteresting with big, useless chunks of information that will bore the visitor. The website has also refrained from using frames.   Even though using frames will improve the usability, the address bar does not change as you switch pages. That makes it impracticable for anyone to bookmark a particular page in the site if they wish to, or emailing it to a friend to share the page (Bluejay, 2001). Lastly, the images are high quality- but compressed at the same time so as to reduce the time needed to open them up in the website and therefore, reducing the time that the visitors have to wait to see the images. The font is also very visible and simple in order to place more emphasis on the pictures surrounding and making them more attention grabbing (Website design: Interpersonal Qualities of a good web designer, 2006) Content Over and over again we have always have the sense of hearing SEO companies and SEO consultants’ affirm that content is king, in terms of search engine optimization campaigns. They are nowadays considered as correct in terms of such positioning. This is because of the fact that content has a lot of contributions in an SEO campaign, among these are contents helping as a roadmap to endorse the website to the search engines by incorporating keywords or key phrases into the content which is going to be crawled and indexed by the rummage around engine bots or crawlers. Another is that the content is a boulevard where website owners can encourage the website visitors to adapt from being a mere visitor to becoming a client. Content nevertheless, must always be kept or written in towering quality. (Search Engine Optimisation (SEO), 2002) The website truly Malaysia is very appropriate in terms of its content. The content must not be robotically generated. This means that the content must not just be taken and amended by an application; it should always be wri tten by an actual human being as the meaning being put into words is also for the use of a human being. The content is interesting, as boring content will not be able to keep the visitor on the website, thus raising the websites’ spring back rate; it is hence important to make all content attractive, adding underneath images and charming texts as well as interesting titles that would really help in keeping your visitors from straight away going to another website.

History of Coca-Cola Essay Example for Free

History of Coca-Cola Essay Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants, and vending machines internationally. The Coca-Cola Company claims that the beverage is sold in more than 200 countries. [l] It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke (a registered trademark of The Coca- Cola Company in the United States since March 27, 1944). Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton, Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century. The company produces concentrate, which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. The bottlers, who hold territorially exclusive contracts with the company, produce finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. The bottlers then sell, distribute and erchandise Coca-Cola to retail stores and vending machines. Such bottlers include Coca-Cola Enterprises, which is the largest single Coca-Cola bottler in North America and western Europe. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains to major restaurants and food service distributors. The Coca-Cola Company has, on occasion, introduced other cola drinks under the Coke brand name. The most common of these is Diet Coke, with others including Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola, Diet Coke Caffeine-Free, Coca-Cola Cherry, Coca-Cola Zero, Coca-Cola Vanilla, and special editions with lemon, lime or coffee. In response to consumer insistence on a more natural product, the company is in the process of phasing out E211, or sodium benzoate, the controversial additive used in Diet Coke and linked to DNA damage in yeast cells and hyperactivity in children. The company has stated that it plans to remove E211 from its other products, including Sprite and Oasis, as soon as a satisfactory alternative is found

Dillard and Thoreau Comparison :: Essays Papers

Dillard and Thoreau Comparison From the lone hiker on the Appalachian Trail to the environmental lobby groups in Washington D.C., nature evokes strong feelings in each and every one of us. We often struggle with and are ultimately shaped by our relationship with nature. The relationship we forge with nature reflects our fundamental beliefs about ourselves and the world around us. The works of timeless authors, including Henry David Thoreau and Annie Dillard, are centered around their relationship to nature. The love for nature is one that is formed when young. Thoreau shows evidence of early development of a lifelong love for nature that he would carry with him in everything that he did. As a young boy of ten he was fond of walking deep into the woods that surrounded his home in Concord in search of solitude (Salt 18). Thoreau expressed an interest in living at Walden Pond at the age of ten (Salt 19). His love of nature can largely be credited to qualities inherited from his mother (Salt 22). It would rightfully be his love of nature that he would be remembered for. Thoreau after graduating from Harvard College began to keep a journal that he filled with the many thoughts and observations that came to him on his daily walks about Concord (Richardson 7). These Journals would spawn into the many books that he wrote, the most prominent being Walden. Thoreau was a self-taught naturalist, who spent much of his time systematically studying the natural phenomena almost exclusively around Concord (Witherell and Dubrulle). His Journal contains these careful observations, such as the cycles of plants, of local water levels, and many other natural phenomena (Witherell and Dubrulle). These Journals help to impress the love that he held for nature. It is this feeling that has propelled him to be considered by many to be the leader of the environmental movement (Buell 171). Thoreau himself cared little for group activities, religious or political, and even avoided organized reform movements (Gougeon 195). The abolitionist movement did however bring Thoreau out and into the public forum (Salt 140). As he became further involved with his Journal and his examination of nature he began to develop into an environmentalist and natural historian (Buell 172). This is evident by his views represented in Walden regarding the progress that was taking place in Concord at the time (Witherell and Dubrulle).

A learning Machine

It is quite difficult to see the author’s main point in the sense that he simply discussed the findings of the five psychological scientists regarding their research on the neural plasticity of the brain. It appears that the author adapted the findings of the scientists which have served as the main point of the article.That is, based on the scientists’ findings the author depicted that the brain is â€Å"a learning machine† that it is capable to bend, stretched, expand, and specialize it self in order to respond to challenges. The author apparently believed that the topic was a breakthrough in scientific research regarding the human brain.The author made this clear citing the remark of one of the presenter; Nelson states, â€Å"Psychological sciences are on the point that it should become a big science. We should think about the way that chemistry became great sciences.The time of each person in his own lab may be over.†[1] As stated earlier, the authorâ €™s main point is to show that the human brain is capable of adjusting to the current challenges. The brain can be trained in order to become capable to cope up with the present challenges. It is true that the author described other people’s argument and he does have his own opinion. He simply cited the opinions of the five presenters and supports his main point by citing the remarks of the presenters regarding the topic.The information presented by the author is that the neural plasticity in able the brain to adapt to sort and interpret a huge variety of incoming data from the world. This finding was derived from an experiment on the adult monkey’s brain which concludes that human brain can be train to adapt new skills. The author says it is a breakthrough in scientific research of the human brain.What are the strong features of the author’s argument?Indeed, the author does not have his own argument, but the strong feature of the article is that it tells th e reader of what more the human brain is capable of.On the part of the writer, he simply presented the findings of the five scientists. However, the argument is definitely supported by solid data because they are based on actual experiment. Yes, the research appears to have been conducted properly because obviously, the writer validated all his information through the statement of the scientists which conducted the actual experiments regarding the topic. Regarding information, I do not think the author provided more than one side of the issue.The author simply presented what is necessary to give fair information. In my opinion, the weak feature of the article is its humanist notion. The article is not based on anecdote nor does it rely on isolated case study but on evolutionary principle. But generally, the author research is adequate as it is informative. The data presented was not misinterpreted nor the author tried to infer a causal connection from co-relational data.Comparison w as not possible rather the author corroborated the findings the scientists. Regarding other possible interpretations, this seems not possible as even the writer simply presented the opinion of the presenters. Nelson was careful not to make any unsubstantiated claims or has ignored other explanations as there was not such thing in the article.What have you learned in the course that supports arguments made by the author?I have learned from the course that the brain carries various cognitive activities and that it is a very complex information processor which process input information in many different levels of consciousness and unconsciousness. While this is a common knowledge, it clearly connects to the author’s argument that the brain is a learning machine.That is the brain is capable of adjusting, bending and acquiring skills. This argument is specifically noted by the author citing Michael Rutter of King’s college observation of the cognitive capability of Roman ch ildren form an adopted by UK families from an orphanage. Rutter noted the progress of the children who were all tested as mentally retarded upon their arrival, but after some years of living in above average environment, â€Å"they were nearly normal†[2].The thing that I have learned from the course that goes against the author’s argument is that the human brain distinctly set apart human’s from animals because of its capacity to adopt, to develop new skills, and bend stretched in order to respond to challenges. This kind of capability is so distinct from that of animals which attest that human beings are a special creation and not a product of evolution.This runs counter to the author’s argument which clearly adheres on the theory of evolution. Citing Gopnic, the author stated, â€Å"evolution requires that we discover new things about the works and use this knowledge to imagine new things, to change the world based on imaginings†[3] I could apply what I have leaned from this events first, locally by telling people who are struggling to cope with new challenge that they are capable of imagining a better situation and of turning it to reality.Second, nationally, I can write article which discussed on the capacity of human brain to cope and to adjust with new challenges which I will seek to publish on a national level. I understand that this is easier said than done but if this will help people to overcome their current difficult situation, then I will be willing to pursue it. Globally, this may sound impossible, but publishing an article of international circulation may be possibleSelect a concept from the article and connect it to or relate it to events happening in the world today.The concept I selected from the article is the concept that brain can be trained. The human brain can be trained to be skilled, can be trained to become sensitive and can be trained to adjust or stretched.   Today, the world is witnessing the ri se of new technology and the world is fast becoming technology drive.The need of new skills, new knowledge, and visions requires human being to respond by adapting to the new situation. In this new development, the ability of the brain to acquire new skills, to adapt to new situation, to cope with challenges, and the capability of the mind to be trained relates highly because the new knowledge demands new skills. In other words, training people for this type of knowledge is possible because of brains capability to adjust and to adopt.

Faminism in Anna Karenina

In the closing chapters of Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina (Penguin Books, 2003), Dolly, Anna’s sister-in-law, reveals that â€Å"Whatever way one lives, there’s a penalty. † This is the central message in Tolstoy’s work, a tragedy whose themes include aristocracy, faith, hypocrisy, love, marriage, family, infidelity, greed, and every other issue prevalent among human beings. Anna Karenina is a tragic figure, but she can also be considered a feminist one. Her experiences resonate with female readers because she does the unexpected: she moves against the grain.And with any woman—at least in literature—who accomplishes the unexpected, the inappropriate, she pays the price for it. A Princess, an aristocrat married to Count Alexei Karenin, an important man twenty years her senior, Anna Karenina is a socialite, a respected woman, a wife, and a mother. It seems as if she has it all, until she meets the handsome and charming young Count Alexei Vr onsky. He stirs things in her—physical and emotional—that she has never experienced. This lack of experience in the spaces of love and desire is common—historically—for women.They married who they were told to marry—for money, for titles, and for security. Not for love. Anna Karenina is not in love with her husband. She tolerates him, but secretly she feels repulsed by this rigid, domineering, and paternal man twice her age. Vronsky’s wooing of her endanger s her place in society, her marriage, and even her role as mother. When she succumbs to an affair with him, she does so with open eyes, aware of all that she is sacrificing for the sake of love.And this isn’t the tragedy of the novel, of the situation. The tragedy is that she is a woman in a man’s world: â€Å"It was fate; she was doomed† from the start. And she was doomed because she was a woman acting out on her desires. Paralleled to her brother, Stiva, and his ins uppressible and known womanizing, the novel demonstrates the evident attitudes society had at this time toward men and women acting in similar fashion. Men, the public faces of society, had the power, the voice, and the volition to act in any way they wished.Stiva’s womanizing is something his wife, Dolly, has to suffer silently. She has no power to stop it. She is merely the wife. She goes about her business taking care of the home and her children, knowing that gossip and shame shadow her footsteps. Although infidelity is looked upon as an act of dishonor, society looks the other way when men succumb to its powers. Men continue to keep their marriages, the power in the home—over their wives and children, their jobs, and their place in society goes unvarnished.Even Vronsky, who openly seeks the affections of Anna, a married woman, a mother, and has an affair with her, has eyes rolled at him, but his career is never placed in danger. He does not lose his place in socie ty, his options, his money, or his power. He loves, he takes what he wants, and then when he is done—when Anna becomes too obsessive, too cumbersome an affair—he simply walks away. In the end, he’s lost nothing. He gave up nothing. With women, following their hearts is not so acceptable. It’s a tragedy, as we come to see with Anna.In following her heart, her passions, Anna loses her marriage, which is controlled by Karenin, who kicks her out of their home, but refuses to give her a divorce. In this way, she cannot marry Vronsky. She is forced to become his mistress and live with him in disgrace. When she takes her love out into the public, she is shunned by the same people who once loved her, while everyone shakes Vronsky’s hands. And the most valuable asset that she loses is access to her son, who is told that she is dead. Having lost everything and everyone, the only thing that remains is Vronsky.And she grabs on to him with great force, with des peration, pushing him farther and farther away from her with every aching need she can muster. But he grows tired of her love and confesses to her that â€Å"A man needs his career,† for he still has that fall back on. She has nothing. In losing him, she loses everything, and it is no wonder that she commits suicide. A woman in her day, having lost her place in society, her role as mother and wife, she cannot sustain herself. She gave everything up for love, for passion, for herself, to feed her own desires, but no one gave anything up for her.She dies tragically, while everyone around her continues to move on without her. Today, we can look at a character like Anna Karenina and come face-to-face with a feminist: she is strong, determined, bold, and she fights the patriarchal powers that tell her she cannot have what men are allowed, no matter their place in society. And even though her attempts come crashing around her in the end, resulting in her violent suicide, she had th e courage to act against the norm. This is empowerment. This is a feminist.

Description of Johnny Got a Gun

Description of Johnny Got a Gun Johnny Got a gun is a captivating anti-war book which is politically motivated and takes the role of educating the society on the adverse effects of war on human beings and the whole society. The book written by a U.S citizen, Dalton Trumbo in 1937 and was published by J.B Lippincott company on January 1st, 1939.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Description of Johnny Got a Gun specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a hardcover book with a print media format and it is available in both hardcover and paperback book covers. The 309 page book was then filmed and produced in 1971. Dalton Trumbo was born in 1905 in Montrose, Colorado. He was the son to Maud and Orus Bonham Trumbo. Not much is said about Trumbo but his book Johnny Got a Gun is set from practical life experiences that feces the society at the time of his childhood. In the anticipation for the world war I, the Americans foresaw its coming and some could see the devastating state that came with wars. In an attempt to evade it, the citizens elect President Woodrow Wilson hoping that he could help protect America from participating the World War I (Center of Military, 1919). Just as any other president would have done, Woodrow supported the war without thinking of its repercussions. From the story, Joe accuses the Government leaders of false claims of propelling their countries to greater economic democracy or security without knowledge on how wars are injurious. In this book, Trumbo unfolds the painful story on the effects of the World War I. It garnered the National Book Awards in 1940 as the best American bookseller. The book resurfaces as one of a kind book which scripted as a leading protest novel after the Vietnam War. It is drafted using Joe Bonham portrayed as a helpless using a maimed soldier who looses both his hands, legs and the head is defaced (Trumbo, 2010, p. 100). Thought then begin flowing through his mind as he quest ions why he had to survive in such a state. He is determined to reestablish his contact with the outside world to be an evidence of effects of war and to talk to the leader about the value of peaceful coexistence and value for human life. Description of Storm of Steel Storm of Steel is a book authored by a German Ernst Junger and it is the best newspaper journals he made during his time as a soldier in the World War I. It is a memoir is great astonishing savagery of power and ashen lyricism that reveals the horrors and fascinations of the World Wars (Sheehan, 1989, p.32). Storms of Steel sets off with the deployment of Junger into the battle field in 1915 and ends when he sustains severe injuries in 1918 and this also marks the end of his career as a soldier.Advertising Looking for book review on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Prior to being first published in 1920, Storms of Steel was revise d several times before the actual date of its publication. The book is less personal and devoid of Junger’s personal life but it spans a series of experiences written in a chronological order, in an unattached, unemotional and with a repetitive style. Compared to other books motivated by the world war, the book takes a different look at war and Junger appears to be glorifying the war. He then excuses this as a novel of praise and for heroic masculinity. Ernst Junger was born in 1895 in Heidelberg, Germany but was then moved to Hanover where he was raised. In 1914, he volunteered into the army and was deployed in France for the war in 1915. He was a brave fighter among the major battles he fought. By 1918, he was incorporated into a stronger storm trooper army which was a new type of army meant to infiltrate into the enemies hiding zones. By the end of the war, Junger was promoted to lieutenant and received many major medals at the age of 23 years. He was shot by a bullet and was badly injured on the chest in 1918 and this marked the end of his career just some months before the end of the war. The book produced was fashioned by the penguin classics producers with 320 pages available in both hardcover and paperback cover. It is categorized as a military and European history during the First World War (Ellis, 2007, p.65). Analyzing the books as history (Book review) In our preview of the two books we begin with the critical analysis of the Storm of Steel where Junger, a Germany author and veteran bases his story on a journal entry he wrote during his time as a soldier in the German army. Originally his work is structured and based on descriptive essay or novel which employs repetition as a style. From the readers point of view we observe that the author is more into describing historical events of which he is part. This makes the novel repetitive as the same activities such as attacks and counter attacks keep reoccurring over and over again. Junger uses f irst person narration of the story where he creates a practical story about his experience during the two World Wars. The novel features no main characters, Junger takes the centre stage in explaining events of his time. The book therefore retains much of its form and originality as a journal article and not as a book because it features realistic and chronological events devoid of symbolism, imagery, sarcasm or irony which are common styles used in the scripting of novels and other pieces of literature to make them captivating.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Description of Johnny Got a Gun specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is in the Storm of Steel that the author uses realistic and straightforward style to give account of his story where he preserves his values as a literary figure. He further detaches himself from the story he narrates by not giving opinioned view of events presenting them as blunt points awaiting the reader’s interpretation. We all see that the book is written at a time of war but it is expressed with a lot of simplicity by Junger’s description of pertinent events as a period of political romanticism marked with a pessimistic view of history. Junger further describes the deterioration of the human conditions caused by the war as the measure of a countries muscle power. As it is clearly illustrated we find this piece of literature so unique with many unexpected twists and turns in events. After the preview of the Storm of Steel, we contrast it with Trumbo’s got a gun basing our arguments on the styles used, the themes and the chronology of events during the times of war. Being that the two books have the same political set up and terror filled background, we get the style used by Trumbo to be very contrasting with Junger’s. Johnny Got a Gun is an anti–war novel expressing events of oppression and protests against the organization a nd involvement of countries in the modern warfare. The author reveals the emergence of an upper class in society who entices the poor into war while they seize the opportunity to amass wealth. He describes the moneyed class as being mindful of themselves and ignoring those who go out to fight for what they call democracy. Comparison of two books The two books are a clear contrast of each other. Looking at their theme exposition, the style and the number of characters the books are different. Trumbo brings to light the unequal bargains brought about by the World Wars and wishes that the world should remain a better place after every one and this is only possible when peace is given priority. The author conveys Joe as a maimed soldier willing to be taken around the world as an evidence of the bad effects of war on human. On the contrast Junger does not lay emphasis on the adverse effects of modern war on human live. He shows contention for everything that life offers and has no time f or complain. The two books also employ different use of characterization. Johnny Got a Gun uses many characters to represent the many view and opinions that are faced in real life while the horrible experiences and consequences of the modern war are symbolized by Joe deformed and amputated body. On the contrast, the Storm of Steel which has the author taking the role of the main character to unveil the story while completely detaching it from emotions and criticism of the effects of modern war.Advertising Looking for book review on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Looking at the two books from their performance on the market, Johnny Got the Gun has won awards for instance the American Bestsellers Awards while the Storm of Steel only exposed Junger into the limelight as a good writer. Trumbo was naturally a writer and took to writing as a way of earning a living while Junger is a German soldier who ventures into writing of journals one of which he modifies to become a novel. References Center of Military. (1919). History of the United States Army in the World War. U.S. Army: Washington, D.C. Ellis, E. (2007). Prentice Hall world history. Toronto: Prentice Hall publishers. Sheehan, J. (1989). German history. Clarendon: Oxford publisher. Trumbo, D. (2010). Komma: after Dalton Trumbos Johnny got his gun. Illinois: Fillip Editions publishers.

National Origins Act

National Origins Act The National Origins Act, a component of the Immigration Act of 1924, was a law enacted on May 26, 1924, to greatly reduce the number of immigrants allowed to enter the United States by setting immigration quotas for each European nation. This immigration quota setting aspect of the 1924 law remains in effect today in the form of the per-country visa limits enforced by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Fast Facts: National Origins Act Short Description: Limited US immigration by imposing per-country quotasKey Players: US Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Warren Harding, US Senator William P. DillinghamStart Date: May 26, 1924 (enactment)Locations: United States Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.Key Cause: Post World War I isolationism Sentiment in the United States Immigration in the 1920s During the 1920s, the United States was experiencing a resurgence of anti-immigration isolationism. Many Americans objected to the growing numbers of immigrants being allowed to enter the county. The Immigration Act of 1907 had created the Dillingham Commission- named for its chairman, Republican Senator William P. Dillingham of Vermont- to review the effects of immigration on the United States. Issued in 1911, the commission’s report concluded that because it posed a serious threat to America’s social, cultural, physical, economic, and moral welfare, immigration from southern and eastern Europe should be drastically reduced.   Based on the Dillingham Commission report, the Immigration Act of 1917 imposed English literacy tests for all immigrants and completely barred immigration from most of Southeast Asia. However, when it became clear that literacy tests alone were not slowing the flow of Europe immigrants, Congress looked for a different strategy. Migration Quotas Based on the findings of the Dillingham Commission, Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 creating immigration quotas. Under the law, no more than 3 percent of the total number of immigrants from any specific country already living in the United States, according to the 1910 decennial U.S. Census, were allowed to migrate to the United States during any calendar year. For example, if 100,000 people from a particular country lived in America in 1910, only 3,000 more (3 percent of 100,000) would have been allowed to migrate in 1921. Based on the total foreign-born U.S. population counted in the 1910 Census, the total number of visas available each year to new immigrants was set at 350,000 per year. However, the law set no immigration quotas whatsoever on countries in the Western Hemisphere. A cartoon showing Uncle Sam putting the Emergency Quota Act (aka the Johnson Quota Act) in place, 19th May 1921. The act limits the annual number of immigrants who can be admitted from any country to 3% of the number of persons from that country already living in the United States according to the census of 1910. MPI / Getty Images While the Emergency Quota Act sailed easily through Congress, President Woodrow Wilson, who favored a more liberal immigration policy, used the pocket veto to prevent its enactment. In March 1921, newly inaugurated President Warren Harding called a special session of Congress to pass the law, which was renewed for another two years in 1922. In passing the National Origins Act, legislators made no attempt to hide the fact that the law was to limit immigration specifically from the countries of southern and eastern Europe. During debates on the bill, Republican U.S. Representative from Kentucky John M. Robsion rhetorically asked, â€Å"How long shall America continue to be the garbage can and the dumping ground of the world?† Long-Term Effects of the Quota System Never intended to be permanent, the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 was replaced in 1924 by the National Origins Act. The law lowered the 1921 per-country immigration quotas from 3 percent to 2 percent of each national group residing America according to the 1890 Census. Using 1890 instead of 1910 census data allowed more people to migrate to America from countries in northern and western Europe than from countries in southern and eastern Europe. Immigration based exclusively on a national origin quota system continued until 1965, when the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) replaced it with the current, consular-based immigration system that factors in aspects such as the potential immigrants’ skills, employment potential, and family relationships with U.S. citizens or legal permanent U.S. residents. In conjunction with these â€Å"preferential† criteria, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services also applies a per-country permanent immigration ceiling. Currently, no group of permanent immigrants from any single country can exceed seven percent of the total number of people immigrating to the United States in a single fiscal year. This quota is intended to prevent immigration patterns to the United States from being dominated by any one immigrant group. The following table shows the results of the INA’s current quotas on U.S. immigration in 2016: Region Immigrants (2016) % of Total Canada, Mexico, Central, and South America 506,901 42.83% Asia 462,299 39.06% Africa 113,426 9.58% Europe 93,567 7.9% Australia and Oceania 5,404 0.47% Source: US Department of Homeland Security - Office of Immigration Statistics On an individual basis, the three countries sending the most immigrants into the United States in 2016 were Mexico (174,534), China (81,772), and Cuba (66,516). According to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, current U.S. immigration policies and quotas are intended to keep families together, admit immigrants with skills that are valuable to the U.S. economy, protect refugees, and promote diversity. Sources How the United States Immigration System Works. American Immigration Council (2016). â€Å"1921 Emergency Quota Law.† The University of Washington-Bothell Library.Congressional Record Proceedings and Debates, Third Session of the Sixty-Sixth Congress, Volume 60, Parts 1-5. (â€Å"How long shall America continue to be the garbage can and the dumping ground of the world?†).Higham, John. â€Å"Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism.† New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1963.Kammer, Jerry. The Hart-Celler Immigration Act of 1965. Center for Immigration Studies (2015).

The Constraint of Global Peace and Security by Military Policies durin Assignment

The Constraint of Global Peace and Security by Military Policies during the Cold War - Assignment Example No country is immune from such situation in the future that can lead to a new round of confrontation and arms race, which in turn can cause an irreparable harm to society and to the world at large. It is a common knowledge that war, nuclear weapon, and its tests are destructive in the international conflict solution. However, no matter what, the idea of superiority and supremacy instinctively makes people fighting and trying to win. During the Cold War, our world faced with such situation, when two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union put at stake the further existing of the whole humanity. In the current paper, based on the facts from the analyzed literature, we will try to present objectively the course of a war, understand the reasons that shaped the situation, and draw the appropriate conclusions. In this respect, the main question of the current paper is how the parties of the conflict finally managed to restrain the military tension during the Cold War. After the fall of the Third Reich, there was no power in Europe that was able to oppose the Soviet Union. Therefore, in many Western European countries increased the influence of the left parties (the Labor Party won the elections in Great Britain in 1945) and the positions of the Communists strengthened. The USSR and the USA were the most powerful and influential countries economically, as well as in terms of military power. These countries were divided by the ideological contradiction, specifical communism against capitalism. The latter led to the obvious hostility in the international relations. The internal situation in these countries was characterized by the active impersonating and search of the enemy. The dissidence was also recognized as a form of subversive activity. Such atmosphere was quite a common situation since it was a characterizing feature of the totalitarian regime... In the United States, such internal tension gave birth to McCarthyism, the persecution of the cit izens, who were suspected in anti-American activities (Perry, Chase, Jacob, Jacob and Von Laue, 2012).     

Critically evaluate the reasons for the recent global financial Essay

Critically evaluate the reasons for the recent global financial crisis, in the light of the articles in reference and other rele - Essay Example There are presently many analyses of the crisis, perhaps the best one appearing as a recent report from the United States Congress. It agrees with most analyses that, at least mark the origins of the crisis as occurring in the United States. and most of these analyses seem to reflect the two points of views that divide the US political system. In general one view would say that the crisis was precipitated by the greed of Wall Street speculators and subprime lenders. The other side would point to the victims of the crisis in the US, the ones who didn't have credit but agreed to take upon mortgages for housing they couldn't afford. The main effort of this report will be to describe how the crisis happened and rapidly spread to the UK, England, and other parts of the world. It will try to understand the corrective policies and measures that have been made. Finally it will address the question of who has responsibility for the crises occurring. Discussion The Setting On the eve of the of the 2007-2008 global economic crisis it is significant that all but a handful of the world's learned economists, despite the gradually accumulating data, could not see the disaster coming (Verick and Islam, 2010). Most of advisors were still under the influence of the 2001-2007 boom. Apparently this boom stood upon a shaky economic foundation that forced even the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to revise their forecasts. To understand the economics feeding this "straw boom", one must review world macroeconomics leading to it. There were two oil crises during the 1970s (Verick and Islam, 2010). The latest one occurred in 1979. This one produced a economic slowdown through the 1980s that especially characterized the developing countries. These countries had their economies more or less influenced by structural adjustment programs (SAPs) controlled by Western developed countries (Verick and Islam). SAPs were rendered by reduced macroeconomic volatility under the wisdom of government directed monetary policy in most of the developed countries. The 1990s can be experienced as low growth among these countries, with the Asian 1998 financial crisis all the more keeping that growth in low wings. The technology dot-com collapse occurred in 2001 and after it settled, the developed countries begin to collect themselves in a period of so-called sustained boom. Economist Robert Shiller is noted for reporting that the US housing boom started in the late 1990s (Verick and Islam, p. 15). This is notable as many commentators have placed blame for the current crises on the US monetary policy which lowered policy interest rates to 1 percent in 2003. The claim is that this effort in effect freed liquidity in US markets, heightening borrowing while creating debt-financed consumption (of housing). The point is that housing prices was on the rise in the US market before 2003. But even by that time, it only became more substantial as an open field for (housing) specula tors. The period from 2002 through 2007 became filled with "robust optimism". Bernard Beneche, a widely respected economist later to be Chair of the US Federal Reserved, termed the period as one of "Great Moderation". Global economic balances were fed by surplus capital from China and other Asian and Middle East countries, primarily into the US housing market, that is, the mortgage debt market. At this time,

Culture, Power and Resistance in the Twenty-First Century Essay - 1

Culture, Power and Resistance in the Twenty-First Century - Essay Example However, the already present culture present in most central and western parts of Europe and North America, as well as other richly concentrated locations, simply witnessed an acceleration in such changes in culture has they were already accustomed towards it. As for the rest of the world, the change was highly volatile in nature. It has been regarded by Hobsbawm 1994, that around 80 percent of the middle ages culture were felt to be gone in the 1960s. Capitalism entails the globalization, the market and liberalization, where capitalist leaders are adamant in creating a true whole global economy. However, they do face opposition who can be supposedly classified as anti-capitalists. Heartfield 2003, states that these critics hold more weight in their standings, to what it may seem to be. They emerged as â€Å"fight backs of those who had been the targets of the neoliberal rollbacks of the eighties†. The declining influence of developed nations as well as the concept of nationalism in developing economies, which gave rise to the anti-capitalist movement. Capitalism has led to a major shift in culture as well as lifestyle. For example, the entire world has witnessed major declines in the agricultural labour force. This not only applies to developed nations, but to developing nations as well. Hobsbawm 1994 says, the population of Spain and Portugal comprised of just under 50 percent within the agricultural sector in 1950, which has then reduced to 14.5 percent and 17.6 percent respectively, within thirty years. Given the nature of capitalism and its free fall freedom in movement, the post war years did create many ‘direct action’ movements or resistances. There were instances of non violent civil disobediences such as the British Committee of One Hundred anti nuclear protestors, the Red Army Faction in Germany. Opposition towards capitalism could also be said to be a form of political terrorism, which was in its nature conspiratorial,

Role of Exercise in Reducing Insulin Resistance

Role of Exercise in Reducing Insulin Resistance By: Pranav Maddali Abstract The major pathway of glucose regulation in the body is via the Glucose Transport System (GTS) in which cells stimulated by insulin cause an upregulation in expression and translocation of a glucose transporter protein, GLUT4, to the cell plasma membrane, resulting in increased glucose transport into the cell. Thus, insulin is directly responsible for regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. However, increased dietary intake and the lack of physical exercise has been implicated in creating a condition known as insulin resistance, whereby the cells fail to uptake glucose in response to insulin stimulation, leading to hyperglycemia and significantly increasing the odds of acquiring insulin-dependent (Type-1) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type-2). However, recent studies have shown that skeletal muscles, the major consumer of glucose in the body, possess an alternative mechanism to elicit glucose uptake using GLUT4 instead of insulin stimulation, which is tr iggered by exercise. This review elucidates glucose transport mechanisms in both normal and insulin resistance states and the role of physical exercise in potentially reversing insulin resistance and helping regulate blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. INTRODUCTION Glucose, Insulin, and the Glucose Transport System Glucose is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with fructose and galactose, which is directly absorbed into the bloodstream during digestion. This simple monosaccharide serves as both, the main substrate for energy production as well the precursor to the synthesis of many other carbon containing molecules in the body [1]. In relatively healthy individuals, following a meal, glucose absorbed from the gut during digestion stimulates the release of insulin, a peptide hormone, from pancreatic ÃŽÂ ²-cells. This results in glucose uptake by skeletal muscles and adipose tissues, promptly returning plasma glucose levels to the normal range (approximately 4.4-6.1 mM) [1]. During resting conditions, the absorbed glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles, and as triglycerides in adipose tissue [1]. In times of fasting or increased energy demand, these stores are quickly re-converted back to glucose and released into the blood stream, helping maintain homeostatic blood glucose concentrations. By promoting postprandial glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissues via the Glucose Transport System (GTS) and suppressing hepatic glucose production, insulin is directly responsible for regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body [1-3]. Given that the cell membrane is impermeable to glucose, specific carrier proteins or transporters spanning the cell membrane allow the binding and uptake of glucose across the hydrophobic lipid bilayer. Mammalian cells possess two general classes of these carriers/transporters: 1) ATP-dependent Na+/glucose co-transporters that transport glucose against a concentration gradient and 2) facilitative glucose transporters which work in the direction of the glucose gradient [4, 5]. Following digestion, the Na+/glucose co-transporter transports glucose from the lumen of the intestine into polarized epithelial cells where subsequent facilitative transport of glucose moves glucose out of the intestinal epithelium and into the blood. Given that different tissues have different physiological energy needs, their uptake of circulating blood glucose is mediated by tissue-specific glucose transporter proteins called GLUTs [1, 4]. 14 different GLUTs have been identified in mammalian cells that are further divided into three subclasses on the basis of sequence similarities and biochemical properties, of which   the roles of GLUT1-GLUT4 in the GTS are the most well characterized [6, 7]. INSULIN-MEDIATED POSTPRANDIAL GLUCOSE TRANSPORT During resting conditions, GLUT1/3/5, constitutively localized to the cell plasma membrane, provide low-level of basal glucose uptake required to sustain respiration in all cells [1]. However, during postprandial conditions, high glucose in the blood stimulates the release of insulin from the ÃŽÂ ²-cells found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. This secreted insulin regulates the uptake of blood glucose in stimulated skeletal muscles and adipocytes by binding to the insulin receptor (IR) on the surface of the cell (Figure 1). Following insulin binding, the ÃŽÂ ²-subunit of IR undergoes autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues activating its tyrosine kinase activity. The activated IR then phosphorylates Insulin Receptor Substrates (IRS-1) which serves as a docking protein for Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), activating it. The serine phosphorylation cascade initiated by PI3K activates PI3K-dependent serine/threonine kinases (PDK), which activates downstream Akt k inase, resulting in the translocation and exocytosis of intracellular GLUT4 vesicles to the cell surface. This upregulation of GLUT4 localization on the plasma membrane results in an increased rate of glucose transport into the cell [1, 4, 5, 8, 9]. The necessity of each of these activation steps has been established by in vitro studies on muscle and adipose tissue that used specific kinase inhibitors or mutant proteins and observed the complete ablation of the stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose uptake in insulin stimulated cells. Furthermore, the translocation of GLUT4 specifically in response to insulin approximately 1% pre- vs. almost 40% post-stimulation, suggests a mechanism of regulation to restrict glucose uptake during low-insulin states [1, 9]. Given that GLUT4 translocation is a critical regulatory site for glucose uptake, abnormal GLUT4 regulation in response to insulin stimulation can have a significant impact on glucose homeostasis in the body. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that mice fed with high caloric diets show significantly decreased glucose uptake in muscle and adipocytes despite stimulation with insulin [8, 10]. Further analysis revealed significant down regulation of PI3K and its downstream substrate PDK in addition to increased expression and activity of Protein Kinase C isoform theta (PKC-ÃŽÂ ¸) in these mice, suggesting impaired insulin mediated signaling and a direct co-relation with high caloric diets (red boxes/arrows in Figure 2) [8, 11-13]. This lack of response to insulin stimulation has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of Type-2 or Non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) and is commonly referred to as insulin resistance. INSULIN RESISTANCE FINDING A SWEET SOLUTION The term insulin resistance is used to describe a combination of a lack of insulin-mediated glucose uptake in cells stimulated by insulin and a defect in the ability of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose production; the former commonly attributed to dysregulation of GLUT4 trafficking [14]. Over time, together with reduction in in insulin secretion by the pancreas, these aberrations have been directly linked to causing Type-2 Diabetes mellitus (T2D). Diminished insulin function at sites of insulin action, such as skeletal muscles and adipocytes (insulin resistance) and a decrease in the ability of pancreatic ÃŽÂ ²-cells to secrete insulin in response to postprandial increase in blood glucose levels, are two hallmarks of   T2D [15]. In recent years, Type-2 Diabetes mellitus has emerged as one of the major non-communicable chronic diseases around the world [2]. According to the CDC, that number is currently estimated to be about 26 million in the US alone. Recent epidemiologic data point to excess caloric intake combined with increasingly sedentary lifestyles as factors significantly contributing to this trend [16]. Although both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in causing these malfunctions, researchers have increasingly suggested that obesity, caused by a chronic imbalance between energy expenditure and energy intake, as one of biggest risk factors for developing insulin resistance and T2D [16]. Given that skeletal muscles constitute approximately 40% of human body mass and have relatively high energy requirements, they account for almost 50-75% of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the body [17]. Thus, skeletal muscle is considered the most important tissue with regards to insulin-stimulated blood glucose disposal, and correspondingly maintenance of glucose homeostasis, especially during postprandial periods. Interestingly, both in vitro and in vivo studies dating back to as early as 1987 have shown that in muscle cells, stimuli other than insulin can activate the glucose transport system, namely GLUT4 translocation, to a similar magnitude, albeit likely via a separate (insulin independent) signaling pathway [3, 9, 17]. Furthermore, while GLUT4 gene expression was reduced in adipose cells in insulin-resistant states such as obesity and NIDDM, skeletal muscle GLUT4 expression remained normal [9]. This finding prompted the thinking that insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is most likely due to alterations in the translocation, docking, or fusion of glucose transporters at the plasma membrane, and not defects at the transcription or translational levels. Additionally, researchers observed that in rodents, various modes of exercise and muscle contractile activity such as running exercises, swimming exercises, contraction of hind limb muscles via sciatic nerve stimulation, or contraction of isolated muscles, caused GLUT4 translocation in these skeletal muscles [18]. Additionally, similar studies published by the Goodyear, Holloszy, and Hargreaves groups over the past three years using human models have demonstrated that a single bout of exercise significantly increases glucose transport by upreguatling both GLUT4 expression and translocation in muscles, adding significant support to the hypothesis suggesting that exercise induced muscle contraction can improve glucose uptake by increasing both GLUT4 expression and translocation, potentially reversing the effects of insulin resistance and T2D [3, 5, 10].      Ã‚   WORKING THE GLUTs EXERCISE INCREASES GLUT4 TRANSLOCATION AND GLUCOSE TRANSOPORT Despite the fact that insulin stimulation and exercise-induced muscle contractile activity induce similar magnitudes of increases in muscle glucose transport via upregulation of GLUT4 vesicle translocation to the plasma membrane, the mechanisms of action of these two stimuli are very distinct [19, 20].Studies using cellular fractionation techniques have shown the presence of two distinct intracellular pools of sequestered GLUT4 vesicles, both containing the insulin-responsive amino peptidase (IRAP) and vesicle-associated membrane protein-2 (VAMP-2) that assist in in regulating endocytosis/exocytosis [20, 21]. However, the contraction stimulated GLUT4-vesicle pool was not recruited during insulin stimulation and the important components of the insulin signaling cascade IR, IRS-1, PI3K, etc., were not phosphorylated or activated by exercise [22-24]. Additionally, Wortmanin, a potent PI3K inhibitor, did not inhibit glucose transport stimulated by muscle contraction as it does the insul in-stimulated pathway, clearly indicating the presence of a distinct pathway [24]. Intracellular calcium, 5AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nitric oxide (NO), and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38, have been implicated regulating GLUT4 translocation in the exercise-medicated effect, although the exact mechanism of how each of these exerts its influence is currently being explored (Figure 3) [9]. These acute effects of exercise, in conjecture with dietary restrictions and pharmaceutical interventions, can and are currently exploited by individuals and pharmaceutical companies in an attempt find a cure to insulin resistance and T2D. Although the mechanism of how chronic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity is unclear, muscle levels of GLUT4 as well as the activity of glycogen synthase have been shown to be elevated in athletes compared to sedentary controls with muscle GLUT4 expression increasing in individuals who exercise regularly[25]. This likely due to the fact that many genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (hexokinase, GLUT-4) appear to be jointly upregulated together with mitochondrial enzymes in response to increased muscle contractile activity [10, 18, 19, 22] . CONCLUSIONS The recent drastic increase in the prevalence of T2D has been attributed mainly to decreased levels of physical activity and increased caloric intake. Several studies discussed in this paper have shown that higher levels of habitual physical activity results in increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscles via an insulin-independent mechanism. Furthermore, regular exercise has also been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in subjects with insulin resistance and T2D. Thus, regular exercise together with diet and weight control, could be the answer to overcoming insulin resistance and significantly reducing the risk of acquiring Type-2 diabetes, and in turn decreasing the odds of developing dilapidating conditions such as atherosclerosis, glaucoma, and stoke.   References 1. Bogan, J.S. (2012). Regulation of glucose transporter translocation in health and diabetes. Annual review of biochemistry 81, 507-532. 2. Oliveira, C., Simoes, M., Carvalho, J., and Ribeiro, J. (2012). Combined exercise for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes research and clinical practice 98, 187-198. 3. Hansen, P.A., Nolte, L.A., Chen, M.M., and Holloszy, J.O. (1998). Increased GLUT-4 translocation mediates enhanced insulin sensitivity of muscle glucose transport after exercise. J Appl Physiol 85, 1218-1222. 4. Stephens, J.M., and Pilch, P.F. (1995). The metabolic regulation and vesicular transport of GLUT4, the major insulin-responsive glucose transporter. Endocrine reviews 16, 529-546. 5. Thorell, A., Hirshman, M.F., Nygren, J., Jorfeldt, L., Wojtaszewski, J.F., Dufresne, S.D., Horton, E.S., Ljungqvist, O., and Goodyear, L.J. (1999). Exercise and insulin cause GLUT-4 translocation in human skeletal muscle. The American journal of physiology 277, E733-741. 6. Joost, H.G., and Thorens, B. (2001). The extended GLUT-family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators: nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members (review). Molecular membrane biology 18, 247-256. 7. Thorens, B., and Mueckler, M. (2010). Glucose transporters in the 21st Century. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 298, E141-145. 8. Yu, C., Chen, Y., Cline, G.W., Zhang, D., Zong, H., Wang, Y., Bergeron, R., Kim, J.K., Cushman, S.W., Cooney, G.J., et al. (2002). Mechanism by which fatty acids inhibit insulin activation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in muscle. The Journal of biological chemistry 277, 50230-50236. 9. Goodyear, L.J., and Kahn, B.B. (1998). Exercise, glucose transport, and insulin sensitivity. Annual review of medicine 49, 235-261. 10. Hussey, S.E., McGee, S.L., Garnham, A., McConell, G.K., and Hargreaves, M. (2012). Exercise increases skeletal muscle GLUT4 gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, obesity metabolism 14, 768-771. 11. Samuel, V.T., Petersen, K.F., and Shulman, G.I. (2010). Lipid-induced insulin resistance: unravelling the mechanism. Lancet 375, 2267-2277. 12. Malhotra, V., and Campelo, F. (2011). PKD regulates membrane fission to generate TGN to cell surface transport carriers. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology 3. 13. Summers, S.A., Garza, L.A., Zhou, H., and Birnbaum, M.J. (1998). Regulation of insulin-stimulated glucose transporter GLUT4 translocation and Akt kinase activity by ceramide. Molecular and cellular biology 18, 5457-5464. 14. Tanaka, S., Hayashi, T., Toyoda, T., Hamada, T., Shimizu, Y., Hirata, M., Ebihara, K., Masuzaki, H., Hosoda, K., Fushiki, T., et al. (2007). High-fat diet impairs the effects of a single bout of endurance exercise on glucose transport and insulin sensitivity in rat skeletal muscle. Metabolism: clinical and experimental 56, 1719-1728. 15. Kaufman, R.J. (2011). Beta-cell failure, stress, and type 2 diabetes. The New England journal of medicine 365, 1931-1933. 16. Shuldiner, A.R., Yang, R., and Gong, D.W. (2001). Resistin, obesity and insulin resistancethe emerging role of the adipocyte as an endocrine organ. The New England journal of medicine 345, 1345-1346. 17. Frosig, C., and Richter, E.A. (2009). Improved insulin sensitivity after exercise: focus on insulin signaling. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17 Suppl 3, S15-20. 18. Hayashi, T., Wojtaszewski, J.F., and Goodyear, L.J. (1997). Exercise regulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle. The American journal of physiology 273, E1039-1051. 19. Douen, A.G., Ramlal, T., Rastogi, S., Bilan, P.J., Cartee, G.D., Vranic, M., Holloszy, J.O., and Klip, A. (1990). Exercise induces recruitment of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter. Evidence for distinct intracellular insulin- and exercise-recruitable transporter pools in skeletal muscle. The Journal of biological chemistry 265, 13427-13430. 20. Coderre, L., Kandror, K.V., Vallega, G., and Pilch, P.F. (1995). Identification and characterization of an exercise-sensitive pool of glucose transporters in skeletal muscle. The Journal of biological chemistry 270, 27584-27588. 21. Kristiansen, S., Hargreaves, M., and Richter, E.A. (1996). Exercise-induced increase in glucose transport, GLUT-4, and VAMP-2 in plasma membrane from human muscle. The American journal of physiology 270, E197-201. 22. Treadway, J.L., James, D.E., Burcel, E., and Ruderman, N.B. (1989). Effect of exercise on insulin receptor binding and kinase activity in skeletal muscle. The American journal of physiology 256, E138-144. 23. Goodyear, L.J., Giorgino, F., Balon, T.W., Condorelli, G., and Smith, R.J. (1995). Effects of contractile activity on tyrosine phosphoproteins and PI 3-kinase activity in rat skeletal muscle. The American journal of physiology 268, E987-995. 24. Yeh, J.I., Gulve, E.A., Rameh, L., and Birnbaum, M.J. (1995). The effects of wortmannin on rat skeletal muscle. Dissociation of signaling pathways for insulin- and contraction-activated hexose transport. The Journal of biological chemistry 270, 2107-2111. 25. Youngren, J.F., and Barnard, R.J. (1995). Effects of acute and chronic exercise on skeletal muscle glucose transport in aged rats. J Appl Physiol 78, 1750-1756.