Thursday, December 26, 2019

Womens Rights in the Workplace Essay example - 1900 Words

Brittany Dorris Mr. Dean Ford Eng. 101 04 October 2010 A Wife, a Mom, and a Worker Women fought very hard for their rights in the workplace. Some of them, including Susan B Anthony, went above and beyond the norm. Yet, today our rights are still not the same as a man’s. At one point women weren’t allowed to work at all, and today they are allowed to have jobs while still being home makers. Although improvements have been made, there are still several dilemmas that need to be addressed. A women earns less than a man when doing the same work, and that is extremely unfair. Another issue in the workplace is that men underestimate women due to lack of strength and discrimination. There are also the issues of pregnancy and sexual†¦show more content†¦Sadly, she is still paid less than the men at her job. If she is truly one of the best employees then she should be given a raise instead of being awarded less cash. It is illegal to not hire someone based on their race, yet it is legal to pay a woman less due to h er sex. It should be clear to everyone that women are treated poorly and unfairly in the workplace everyday. Another stereotypical belief is that women aren’t as intelligent as men. If this were true, then the female generations of our past would not have come as far as they have today in the workplace. There are women involved in politics, the medical field, and education. If men were truly more intelligent, then women would not be capable of being successful in those fields. Linda Tapp, president of Crown Safety in Cherry Hill, and a very successful female, states that â€Å"gender discrimination is still live and well. No matter how much we like to think things have changed, there are more than a few people out there who think a woman can still not do the same jobs a man can do†(Eglash). In my own experience, I have learned that female teachers and doctors do an equally good job as males in those fields. A woman is fully capable of doing a job that requires hig h intellect, just as a man is. I believe that it is ridiculous and unjustified for a man to treat a woman at work poorly because he believes that men are moreShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The New York Times By Ellen Ullman Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pagesprejudice against women in the workplace. Specifically, Ullman thinks that such prejudice exists in the deeper parts of the more technical fields such as computer programming. While encouraging women to avoid confronting men who show their prejudice against them, Ullman nevertheless points out the idea that women should stick to their passion for their work. For Ullman, it is the next best thing that women can do, apart from being a practical solution. However, I think that women should not be afraidRead MoreEqual Rights1089 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history women have fought to have the same rights and privileges as men. To this day women do not seem to be treated the same as men in the workforce. It appears that women have g iven up the fight for equal rights. Although women have stood up for what they believe in, there are still many aspects of the workplace that are not as equal as the opportunities that men are given. For hundreds of years women have fought to have equal rights in the workplace. First, it was not uncommon forRead MoreA Brief Note On Workplace Discrimination And The Workplace1063 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace Discrimination Throughout history, discrimination happens all the time without one being aware of it. One place this happens very frequently is in the workplace. Discrimination has been indeed a controversial topic in every generation. 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However, these laws failed to guarantee workplace equality since female workers still face discrimination through significant pay gaps for similar job duties, lack of repres entation in boards and high paying positions, and also face sexualRead MoreGender Inequality In Australia Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesWestern women have traditionally been perceived as the inferior sex, or the domestic partner, subjected wholly to the private sphere, and stripped of legal rights and standing. Meanwhile, men are depicted as the breadwinner, the strong, masculine and dominant partner, who belongs primarily to the public sphere. These historic gender norms have been deeply imbedded within Australia’s social foundation, and although society has gradually shifted away from these roles, evidence suggests that this genderRead MoreGender Equality And Women s Rights1274 Words   |  6 Pages Women in the world still face discrimination and gender equality takes action to achieve women’s rights. AAUW provides and gives women the chance to have an education, while Catalyst reaches out to women to carry out equal pay, equal participation in the workplace, a nd remove discrimination. UN Women attains to human rights for women. Throughout history women have fought for gender equality in the workplace and in education, and every year organizations like AAUW, Catalyst, and UN Women haveRead MoreEmployment Discrimination Within The Workplace1079 Words   |  5 PagesEmployment Discrimination in Indonesia As stated on wikipedia.org, discrimination is action that denies social participation or human rights to categories of people based on prejudice. This includes treatment of an individual or group based on their actual or perceived membership in a certain group or social category, in a way that is worse than the way people are usually treated. This could be done directly or indirectly. Direct discrimination could arise from punishments and indirect discriminationRead MoreGender Bias in the Workplace: Its Origin, Cases and Solutions 1767 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Bias in the Workplace: Its Origin, Cases and Solutions Gender bias has long been an issue in the workplace. For decades women have suffered not only a pay gap but also an authority gap. In my paper I will outline how gender bias has taken shape within the workplace and its components. It is key that we not only study the components of the gender gap but also examine how they took root. One would think that gender bias would have subsided considerably but this is not the case. Over the decadesRead MoreWorkplace Challenges For Women And Minorities Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace Challenges For Women And Minorities - How To Cope With Them? By Rizwan H Dayo | Submitted On November 29, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Rizwan H Dayo Challenges faced byRead MoreGlass Ceiling in the Australian Work Force1506 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrate how stereotyping affects males’ perception of women and how it affects women’s perception of gender roles, which supports the concept, that glass ceiling still exists. Stereotyping is to believe that, â€Å"all people or things with similar characteristics are the same,† (â€Å"stereotype†, 2014). The term glass ceiling refers to the invisible barriers that prevent women from succeeding and moving up the metaphoric ladder in the corporate world. Women are perceived as a minority in the workforce, they

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Internal And External Captivity By Langston Hughes

Internal and External Captivity In Literature, there are certain themes and notions that are either hidden within the text or stated boldly in direct statements. These themes allow them to accomplish a particular feeling within the reader or reveal a message that will be exemplified when realized. There can be a connection made to a reality known by all by each and every theme, whether it be social disconnect from a constant being of isolation or a sense of torment from a deplorable action. And by that idea, society and its literature can alter and shape the viewpoints of the world. Through a lens of conflict between freedom and confinement (something that is in constant tandem), it can serve as an interesting theme within a text. In Langston Hughes’ â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers†, he uses imagery to symbolize the important places on the journey the reader has embarked upon and starts with a basis of freedom from a newborn civilization and goes on to explain the conf inement of an ever-changing society who has lost its way. Contrasting with that society, Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† showcases the narrator’s captivity within a room and the mechanics of her mind growing more and more chaotic as her isolation from the outside world (mostly her husband) leads to her insanity. Kate Chopin expresses the many freedoms of an upper-class married woman but shines some light on how she is still restricted through this marriage and by her health in her text â€Å"The

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Hamlet Reflections Essay Example For Students

Hamlet Reflections Essay Shakespeare’s revenge tragedy Hamlet has endured the tests of time and successfully lived on till our present era due to its exploration of prominent themes and core values which appeal to the human condition and resonate deeply in the contemporary world. Hamlet is open to a myriad of interpretations by a wide range of audiences which may transform throughout the examination of the play and thereby compels the viewer to reflect on its various aspects. Hamlet’s character, the nature of his madness, and Hamlet’s love for Ophelia are three facets of the play where my response has changed and developed. One’s understanding of Hamlet’s character is highly susceptible to alterations as the play progresses. Initially, Hamlet’s period of deliberation and was perceived as cowardice, moral fastidiousness and over-intellectualisation to the point of apathy. An insight into Hamlet’s character through his second soliloquy where he concedes to his humiliating rhetorical question- â€Å"Am I a coward† by admonishing himself for being â€Å"pigeon-livered and lack gall† and failing to take action against â€Å"oppression†. Hamlet’s obsession with upholding morality at the expense of purging evil is further enhanced in his third soliloquy where he states â€Å"Thus conscience does make cowards of us all†. This â€Å"conscience† prevents him from assembling the courage and determination to commence battle with Claudius despite knowing that he is a â€Å"smiling damned villain†. However, with increasing knowledge of the Elizabethan Christian context, previous perceptions of Hamlet as a weak and indecisive character have been eclipsed. Firstly, the ghost of Hamlet’s father may have been â€Å"a spirit of health, or goblin damned† attempting to lure him into committing regicide and Shakespeare’s inclusion of superstitious elements influenced by the Elizabethan context ensures that such doubts and precautions are legitimate. The Christian context of the play accounts for Hamlet’s failure to seize revenge in the prayer scene which incorporates use of dramatic irony. Hamlet believes that to murder Claudius when he â€Å"is a-praying† would be â€Å"hire and salary, not revenge† as he will ascend to heaven whilst his father languishes in purgatory and prefers to take action when he is performing â€Å"some act that has no relish of salvation in’t†. This would ensure that the villain cannot be saved. Hamlet also organises the play within the play where he is determined to â€Å"catch the conscience of the King† and this verifies that he is neither cowardly nor inactive but suggests that his actions assume a form of refined subtlety rather than brutality. In his final soliloquy, the statement- â€Å"from this time forth, my thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth† also illustrates how Hamlet is capable of throwing off the shackles of irresolution and tackle his tormentor with vengeance when â€Å"the readiness is all†. Moreover, Hamlet’s belief that an immediate revenge against Claudius will be perceived as political ambition and thereby extinguish any hope of restoring morality in Denmark may also have been a reason for his deliberation. This explanation is justified in the final scene as Hamlet forbids Horatio to follow him in death so he may draw his â€Å"breath in pain† and â€Å"report me and cause aright to the unsatisfied† to ensure that his legacy is not a tarnished reputation as a seeker of personal aggrandisement-â€Å"wounded name† but a status as a hero who pursued justice and has overcome corruption. The interpretation of the nature of Hamlet’s madness has also undergone significant transformation. Hamlet’s adoption of an â€Å"antic disposition† which he ingeniously uses to avoid suspicion coupled with Polonius’ detection of a disconcerting wit behind the irony Hamlet’s savage insults of him as a â€Å"fishmonger† who prostitute or â€Å"loose† his daughter Ophelia- â€Å"Though this be madness, yet there is method in’t†, demonstrates a methodical and systematic logic behind Hamlet’s disguise. In spite of this, Hamlet’s paroxysm of anger in which he murders a spying Polonius was interpreted as a re-direction of his murderous impulses towards Gertrude where he was unable to suppress his uncontrollable rage, verging on madness. .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f , .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .postImageUrl , .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f , .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:hover , .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:visited , .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:active { border:0!important; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:active , .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uca817c115a6858dd35be51161df0c54f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: During The Late Seventeen Hundreds, Many Tumultuous Events EssayHowever, Hamlet’s description of Polonius as a â€Å"wretched, rash and intruding fool† who acquiesced Claudius’ ascension to the throne, volunteers himself as a spy and uses Ophelia as a decoy to expose Hamlet’s guise demonstrates that Polonius is truly corrupt and justifies Hamlet’s decision to kill him. In addition, Hamlet’s remark that he mistakenly took Polonius â€Å"for thy better†- Claudius, reveals that behind his action was not homicidal fury but rather, a conscious decision to capitalise on the opportunity to seek revenge. Furthermore, clear proof of Hamlet’s sanity can be seen in his â€Å"continual practice† of sword play since Laertes â€Å"went into France† which reflects on his constant preparation and plotting for revenge to the extent where he â€Å"shall win at the odds† and prevail evil. Hamlet’s love for Ophelia is another aspect of the play where my response has changed and developed. In Hamlet’s first soliloquy, his angered cry- â€Å"frailty, thy name is woman† reflects his prejudice and disillusion towards all women who are personified as weak and corrupted after condemning Gertrude for her sexual hypocrisy. This preconceived distrust which Hamlet holds of women is only consolidated when Ophelia succumbs to pressures from her father Polonius urging her to break off ties with Hamlet- â€Å"I shall obey, my Lord†. Hamlet’s encounter with Ophelia after his third soliloquy presents the complexities regarding his affection for her. Hamlet’s satirical verbal lashings at Ophelia expressing his misogynistic contempt for the â€Å"wantonness† and â€Å"ignorance† of women along with his declaration- â€Å"I loved you not† reflects his seemingly implacable loathing towards her. However, Claudius’ insightful observation that Hamlet’s behaviour â€Å"was not like madness† significantly transformed this initial view. Hamlet’s taunting of Ophelia- â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery† which is presented in a ruthless and condescending tone is in actuality, a manifestation of his love for her where she is advised to flee the temptations and wickedness of the world capable of tainting her chastity. Moreover, Hamlet’s emergence at Ophelia’s funeral in the graveyard scene where he declares passionately through use of hyperbole that his love for her exceeded that of â€Å"forty thousand brothers† verifies the sincerity of his true feelings. The pretence of madness and indifference which Hamlet assumes under his â€Å"antic disposition† was insufficient in suppressing the maelstrom of emotions he felt at the death of â€Å"dear Ophelia†. As such, the examinations and reflections on the three aspects of Hamlet’s character, the nature of his madness and his love for Ophelia in the play during the process of critical study has resulted in significant change and development in my responses towards the play.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Taylor’s Management Theories Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction The survey of direction focal points on how different variables within an organisation relate to and with each other in order to accomplish a harmonious and productive working environment. Through the decennaries. there have been a figure of different theoreticians that have presented their several theories and suggested assorted attacks in order to let directors of assorted organisations to farther understand employees working within the organisation in the hopes of doing the organisation map more efficaciously through its employees. This paper will discourse the parts of Frederick Taylor to the survey of direction. Specifically. the paper will discourse two of Taylor’s part. viz. the rule of scientific direction and the rule of corporal work through divided labour. The paper will besides supply a brief background on Taylor himself every bit good as an analysis of the effectivity of the application of Taylor’s work in today’s working environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Taylor’s Management Theories Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Taylor’s Background As with most persons populating during the early 1900s. Frederick Winslow Taylor spent most of his early grownup life as a worker in assorted mills. Despite coming from a well to make household. he foremost worked as a chief in a Philadelphia steel mill company and so at the Midvale Steel Company. During the period that he was employed here. he began to seek ways to further better the on the job conditions in steel mills in order to increase the quality of the stuffs that the company manufactures without haltering the end product generated. Greatly influenced by the rules of mass production by Henry Ford. he determined that the lone manner to better what he considered to be intolerable on the job conditions and moralss utilized in the steel mills was to travel beyond test and mistake with respects to how stuffs are manufactured and crafted. He believed that by authorising the employees with a sense of in-depth cognition non merely on how they do their work. but besides how the machin ery and assorted setups that they are utilizing to acquire the work done maps. the quality and working conditions within the steel mill would greatly better and as such. farther addition the end product being generated ( Bahnisch 2000 ; Kanigel 1997 ) . Taylor began to use scientific testing and techniques in his pursuit for understanding how the different machineries used in the mill operate. From the velocity of the cutting done by a peculiar machine to the type of tool used for each of the fabrication procedure. Taylor began to tally all of these and presented them as carefully tabulated scientific information which have became the footing of how workers in the mill would later on be able to transport out the production of these steel stuffs. His ability to roll up what was one time based on test and mistake into informations that have been categorized and carefully tabulated following assorted scientific methods. It is for this ground that Taylor has been considered the Father of Scientific Management ( Kanigel 1997 ) . Scientific Management Theory One of the greatest parts of Frederick Taylor in the survey of direction is the Scientific Management Theory of which he had been considered the male parent of. Considered as the purest and earliest applied organisation theories formulated. Taylor stipulated that assorted undertakings done within a mill or organisation can be restructured into simple undertakings which are consecutive to each other in the signifier of scientifically constructed undertakings. This made it a batch easier for supervisors and directors to measure the workers’ public presentation and deploying freshly hired labourers into different working undertakings more easy and expeditiously ( Morrill 2008 ; Pittenger 2003 ) . Prior to the development and subsequent presentation of Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory. workers operated with the usage of their corporate cognition while the working conditions have been viewed by the labour brotherhoods based on what Taylor classified as â€Å"subjective orientations towards the beat of industrial work and production† ( Morrill 2008 p. 17 ) . With the coming of the Scientific Management Theory. the corporate cognition of the workers every bit good as normally observed on the job traditions were replaced by processs and undertakings that have been constructed with the usage of scientific methods. As such. what had one time been considered as skilled occupations have been deskilled. leting directors and supervisors that ability to engage more workers. In order to lenify labour brotherhoods with the sudden alterations that Taylor presented in his Scientific Management Theory. he proposed the use of pay addition and showing these alterations object ively concentrating on the scientific methods that have been used for its development ( Morrill 2008 ; Pittenger 2003 ) . Division of Labor In order to use the rules he presented in his Scientific Management Theory. Taylor stipulated that the most effectual and most efficient betterment that could be made within an organisation is through the division of labour into regularized forms that literally run like clockwork. He stipulated that since most work activities that are done within an organisation is preceded and followed by another undertaking. the actions of the workers resemble the public presentation of an assembly line alternatively of each work undertaking being independent from others. As such. labour costs shouldered by an organisation would be greatly reduced. ensuing to a higher coevals of gross. This would besides supply the direction the ability to mandate working processs more efficaciously based on their qualities of criterion ( Bahnisch 2000 ) . The survey conducted by Richardson and Ford ( 2002 ) exemplifies the division of labour presented by Taylor during his clip. In their survey. pupils were tasked to function and sell ice pick cones. The mode as to how they were to sell and function these ice pick cones were based on assorted methods derives from the rules of division of labour presented by Taylor. To guarantee the dependability of the survey. none of the pupils that have been selected for the survey conducted had any old experience within the ice pick retailing concern. For the first portion of the survey. Richardson and Ford ( 2002 ) tasked the pupils to be served ice pick cones utilizing a individual file method. This meant that merely one pupil would be tasked to fix the ice pick cones while another pupil would function as the teller. The remainder of the participants of the survey were tasked to be the clients. each keeping assorted denominations of drama money which the teller would necessitate to supply the right alteration should the denomination exceed $ 1. which was the sum per ice pick cone for the survey. This is so carried out in three groups. with the waiter and the teller being provided extra cognition. preparation and stuffs per group. The observation with respects to the efficiency of the waiter and the teller are so tallied by those participants functioning as clients. In the 2nd portion of the survey. Richardson and Ford ( 2002 ) tasked the participants to function ice pick cones with the usage of a dual waiting line theoretical account. In this portion of the survey. four participants were tasked to fix and function the ice pick cones while the waiter retains the same responsibilities as in the individual waiting line theoretical account. Again. the trial was carried around in three unit of ammunitions. with each unit of ammunition the waiters and the teller are given farther preparation and direction. This survey conducted showed that as the waiters and the tellers are provided more knowledge and preparation. they have been observed to be able to work more expeditiously. Furthermore. the dual waiting line theoretical account enforced that through specialising undertakings. the work to be completed is done more expeditiously at a shorter span of clip as opposed to old tests without the presence of any signifier of specialisation on the portion of the workers ( Richardson A ; Ford 2002 ) . Application of Taylor’s Theories Today While the theories of Taylor have been developed before the coming of computing machines and modern engineering presently being used by concern organisations today. many of the rules that have been presented by Taylor in his Scientific Management Theory. specifically the rule of the division of labour whereby specialisation has been deemed as indispensable in order to be able to finish the undertaking more efficaciously and expeditiously. Through the old ages. Taylor’s rules have continuously been used by organisations involved in different industries. despite the fact that the theory was ab initio formulated for the fabrication industry. A perfect illustration of this in the modern organisation is the presentation of occupation duties that an person would be expected to finish as portion of his or her place. By making so. the organisation specializes the specific occupation maps and duties of an person based on the place being given. In some industries such as call centres and concern processing offices where a section is tasked to manage legion duties and processs. employees who belong to these sections are farther specialized based on the preparation that they would be provided by the organisation. This is to guarantee that non merely the undertaking is completed but is done so in an efficient and effectual mode. The lone disagreeable point presented by Taylor with respects to his Scientific Management Theory is his place to deskill work undertakings in order to guarantee that it would be a batch easier for directors and supervisors to deploy more persons for a peculiar undertaking every bit good as to supply them with easiness in footings of measuring and guaranting public presentation quality among the organization’s work force. In today’s modern organisation. this is no longer the instance. This could be seen in the many employment advertizements over the Internet and in local newspapers. Among the demands for many places for a peculiar organisation today is that an person should hold completed a specific grade and should hold a certain figure of old ages work experience. This is to guarantee that they would be equipped with the necessary accomplishments that are needed in order to finish the duties that come along with the place being offered. Decision Frederick Taylor. with his Scientific Management Theory revolutionized the concern organisation such that his premiss that assorted undertakings within a peculiar organisation should be segregated into specialised squads or sections in order to better the organization’s effectivity and efficiency in footings of quality and end product. Many of his rules remain to be still relevant with respects to the operations of modern twenty-four hours organisation despite the coming of modern engineerings. However. his construct on deskilling many of the occupation duties is no longer applicable today. As more and more organisations continue to offer merchandises and services that require some signifier of experience or preparation. every bit good as the alterations that have been made with mention to the organisation cultures that are observed. corporate thought that Taylor had one time disregarded had re-emerged to be a important factor to the success of an organisation in footings of e ffectual direction. Mentions Bahnisch. ( 2000 ) . Embodied Work. Divided Labor: subjectiveness and the scientific direction of the organic structure of Frederick W. Taylor’s 1907 ‘lecture on direction. ’Body A ; society. 6( 1 ) . 51-68. Kanigel. R. ( 1997 ) . Taylor-made.Sciences. 37( 3 ) . 18-23. Morrill. C. ( 2008 ) . Culture and organisation theory.Annalss. AAPSS. 619. 15-40. Pittenger. M. ( 2003 ) . â€Å"What’s on the worker’s mind† : category passing and the survey of the industrial workplace in the 1920s.Journal of the history of behavioural scientific disciplines. 39( 2 ) . 143-61. Richardson. W. D. A ; Ford. E. W. ( 2002 ) . Shovels. trowels. and ice pick scoops: in hunt of the right tool to explicate scientific direction.Journal of direction instruction. 26( 2 ) . 194-204.